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Impact Evaluation of Kinderpostzegels Supported Education Projects in Ethiopia Report Berhanu Berke July 14, 2018

Contents Acknowledgement Acronyms Executive summary Introduction 1. Background 1.1. Project aims and objectives 1.2. Main project components, key inputs and strategies 2. Project impact evaluation objectives, methodology and coverage 2.1. Objective of the impact evaluation 2.2 Design and Methodology of the Evaluation 2.3. Coverage of the evaluation 3. Findings of the impact evaluation 3.1. Evolution and current state of the project schools and associated structures 3.2. Project impacts on the quality of education 3.3. The state of the project’s first generation students 3.4. State of project supported IGAs 3.5. Overall impacts of the education projects 4. Conclusions List of reviewed documents Annexes 1-3 Page 3 3 4 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 12 14 15 24 32 37 43 54 56 58 List tables and figures Tables Table 1: Summary of respondents by institution/group, position and sex Table 2: Enrollment of children in different years (NFBE) Table 3: Enrollment of children in different years (CLFZ) Figures Figure 1. Contribution of the project to skill improvement of teachers Figure 2. Improvements on the academic performance of students in project schools Figure 3. Students’ confidence and expression of themselves Page 12 20 21 27 31 35 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements This evaluation endeavor, which is commissioned by Kinderpostzegels has attracted the participation of many individuals, groups and institutions in providing information and fashioning the outcomes of this report. Directors and staff of ADAA, LIA-E and WCAT, Officials and experts of project WEOs, teachers, students, principals, cluster supervisors, PTA members, parents and community leaders, IGA group leaders and members, current students and first generation students of the project have positively contributed to this work. The evaluation team takes this opportunity to extend its gratitude to all of them. Special tribute goes to Mr, Henk Van Zuidam of Kinderpsozegels for issuing clear TOR and providing relevant project background documents. We are grateful to the management and field staff of the partner NGOs for the provision of information and excellent facilitation of the field data collection work. The project evaluation was completed with no significant obstacle as a result of the remarkable participation and support of all those involved. ACRONYMS ABE ADAA CLFZ CMC CWDs EMIS ESDP FGD FGM HTPs IGAs KII LIA-E MOE NFBE PTA SHGs WCAT WEO Alternative Basic Education African Development Aid Association Child Labor Free Zone Center Management Committee Children With Difficulties Education Management Information System Education Sector Development Program Focus Group Discussion Female Genital Mutilation Harmful Traditional Practices Income Generating Activities Key Informant Interview Love In Action-Ethiopia Ministry of Education Non-formal Basic Education Parent Teacher Associations Self-Help Groups Wabe Children Aid and Training Woreda Education Office 3

Among the child-focused projects funded by Kinderpostzegels in Ethiopia, three organizations, namely ADAA, LIA-E and WCAT were covered in this impact evaluation. The project period was 2008/9-2015. The three organizations implemented their project in different woredas/districts of Ethiopia spread over the three most populous regions of the country i.e. ADAA in Oromiya, LIA-E in SNNP and WCAT in Amhara. The aim of the projects is to protect children against child labor, child marriage, violence and abuse and other harmful practices and to guarantee access to quality education for all children, including CWD. Kinderpostzegels commissioned this impact evaluation with the purpose of measuring the long term effects and results of the education projects over 8 years with a focus on the different effects of the projects on the target schools, the children in the target communities and the (poor) parents/mothers. In order to come with findings that meet the requirements of Kinderpostzegels, the evaluation team based its evaluation design and methodology on the set objectives of the evaluation and the evaluation questions stated in the TOR. It therefore employed a mix of approaches and tools that included desk reviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, questionnaires, checklist and different formats to collect data from diverse respondents. The main findings of the evaluation are the following. All the NFBE Centers that have been established by Kinderpostzegels support in all the project regions and woredas still exist and are functional. All of them have been upgraded to formal primary schools after they have been handed over to the respective WEOs at the end of the projects All The CLFZ schools are also operational and many of them have also opened new classes. Both the upgraded former NFBE Centers and CLFZ schools have been found to be child friendly schools with improved facilities, play grounds, fenced compounds, segregated latrines, increased student participation and improved learning materials. Such structures as CMCs/PTAs, various student clubs and IGA groups still exist and are effectively functioning. The former NFBE Center based CMCs have now been transformed into PTAs which are the school governing structures in government schools. The project has conspicuously impacted on improving the quality of education in the project schools. The active learning training given to teachers have improved their skills, the learning materials and facilities made available to the project schools and improvements in physical structures have all contributed positively to improved quality of education. The improvement in the quality of education is demonstrated by the increased academic performance of students, reduced dropping out of school, high transition rate from one grade to the next level with no or minimal class repetitions as reported by the schools. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The first generation students of the project schools have largely continued there education in upper primary and secondary schools closest to them. These students have been found to be academically doing well and are the most active in clubs and academic competions wherever they went to for their education. Both girls and boys in the first generation students have shown strong confidence and expression levels in their class owing to the good foundation they had in the former project schools they attended. The IGA groups that have been created by the projects have been found to be actively operating in all the places visited by the evaluation team. Almost all their members are participating, improved their income and are supporting the education of their children. The IGA groups are among the most active in the fight against HTPs and known for sending children to school regualrly. One of the most effective interventions of the project is the substantial reduction in the prevalence of child labor. This is not only the case in areas where there are CLFZ schools but also in upgraded former NFBEs. While, there still appears that there is more to do to eliminate child labor, the project has highly contributed towards raising the awareness of the community and local sector government agencies in fighting child labor. The project work has resulted in substantially bringing down child labor in all its project areas. HTPs were initially rampant in all the project areas of where the three partner organizations operated as evidenced by the NGOs, the community and local government. The Kinderpostzegels supported interventions have resulted in the near elimination of most of the HTPs. The local government sector agencies such as women and children offices, the labor and social affairs offices, the education offices as well as community structures such as PTAs, IGA groups, religious institutions and school clubs have assumed responsibilities as anit-HTPs advocates and ensuring sustained efforts to eradicate them. Among the most visible impacts of the projects are the contributions in addressing the issues of CWDs. Not only the silence on CWDs and hiding them is broken, the number of CWDs coming to school has shown steady growth. Some of these children have even reached secondary school and are academically successful in spite of their disabilities and limited assistance they get. The Kindepostzegels funded projects in the areas covered by this impact evaluation are not only successful in creating intended impacts but have also produced very useful unforeseen impacts such as a) Stimulating WEOs to take up new and enhanced responsibilities previously thought to be the role of NOGs; b) Motivating community members to emulate project established IGA groups and creating their own IGA groups; and c) Arousing the interest of women IGA groups to start women adult education classes with their own funds from their IGA group. 5

Kinderpostzegels authorized an impact evaluation of its education projects in Ethiopia which were implemented by its three Ethiopian partner NGOs over a period of eight years from 2008/9-2015. The evaluation team having reviewed the TOR thoroughly and developing the necessary tools, visited sample project woredas and schools and collected the necessary quantitative and qualitative data and produced this evaluation report. The report is presented in four major sections. The first section provides the background information of the project while the second unit deals with the objectives, methodology and coverage of the evaluation. Section three is the main part of the report where the findings are presented and discussed in detail. The final section provides the conclusion drawn from the findings. 6 INTRODUCTION

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The present impact evaluation covers the project period ranging from 2008/9 to end of 2015 involving a timeframe of eight years. While the starting time of the projects by the three NGOs shows a variation of some years all of them implemented for significant number of years. During the eight years period, the organizations have executed more than one project as the life of the projects ranged from 3-5 years. Though the projects have separate timeframes, they were mostly continuation of previous projects with the exception of the inclusion of the CLFZ projects of ADAA and WCAT. 1.1. Project aims and objectives The main purpose of the Kinderpostzegels’ supported projects which were implemented by the three organization covered by this impact evaluation is to protect children against child labor, child marriage, violence and abuse and other harmful practices and to guarantee access to quality education for all children, including CWD. Three organizations implemented their project in different woredas/ districts of Ethiopia spread out in the three most populous regions of the country i.e. ADAA in Oromiya, LIA-E in SNNP and WCAT in Amhara. While ADAA and WCAT concentrated in one woreda each, Siraro and Estie respectively. LIA-E implemented its projects in four selected woredas. All the projects of the three organizations focused around learning centers they established as well as existing government schools in their project vicinities. 8 1.BACKGROUND

1.2. Main project components, key inputs and strategies The common project components of the three NGOs are access to non-formal basic education (NFBE) for marginalized children. While all the three organizations included fighting HTPs and inclusive education with particular focusing on CWDs and girls, ADAA and WCAT implemented Child Labor Free Zone (CLFZ) projects linked to existing government schools. LIA-E was not involved in the CLFZ project at the time. However, in its implementation of the NFBE program LIA-E also had a special emphasis on the integration of the isolated outcaste Fuga ethnic minority groups through enhanced social service delivery. The overarching strategies were access to education (poverty reduction), capacity building for community based structures, WEOs and schools and policy dialogue (networking and collaboration) The strategies used to increase access to basic education were working on both the supply and demand side barriers to education. On the supply side, the implementing NGOs provided Basic Education centers, learning materials and trained facilitators/teachers and also established Center Management Committees (CMCs) that later evolved to Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs). The CMCs/PTAs were instrumental in managing the learning centers, mobilizing the community as well as resources to work with the respective NGOs. On the demand side the partner NGOs organized campaigns for community awareness on the value of education and sensitization against HTPs, FGM and child labor. Using the CMCs and PTAs as spring boards, they further involved community and religious leaders and also established community structures that pioneered the campaigns against HTPs, FGMs, child labor and other harmful cultural practices that eventually made positive contribution in realizing the rights of children including girls and children with Disabilities (CWDs) to be in school. ADAA and WCAT employed selected strategies for promoting CLFZ in their project areas. The NGOs realized that the government is the main responsible agency for making schools available, accessible and affordable for children and their families. However, they also knew that as long as child labor is prevalent, there are children who could not come to school. Therefore, using existing government schools as entry points by providing technical and related supports; the NGOs familiarized the school community, PTAs, parents, community and religious leaders as well as local government with the concept of child labor free zone. They also established and strengthened anti-child labor community structures and organized exposure visits. These strategies largely paid off and contributed towards the positive project impacts in the CLFZ intervention areas as discussed in the findings below. 9

2. Project impact evaluation objectives, methodology and coverage 2.1. Objective of the impact evaluation As stipulated in the TOR for this impact evaluation, the aim of the support of Kinderpostzegels to education projects is to protect children against child labor, child marriage, violence and abuse and other harmful practices and to guarantee access to quality education for all children, including CWD. The main impact evaluation objectives as determined by Kinderpostzegels is therefore to measure the long term effects and results of the education projects supported by Kinderpostzegels over the 8 years with a focus on the different effects of the projects on the target schools, the children in the target communities and the (poor) parents/mothers. The contents of this report are therefore strictly based on the impact evaluation objectives and evaluation questions for which Kinderpostzegels wanted answers and evidences. The consultant has strictly followed the TOR and came up with impact evaluation findings below. 2.2. Design and Methodology of the Evaluation The evaluator employed evaluation methods and tools that directly contribute to the collection of data for meeting the objectives of the impact evaluation. The evaluation design, methods and instruments used were participatory encouraging active engagement of key program stakeholders. Both qualitative and quantitative information were collected from relevant respondents, applying purposive sampling technics covering the diverse contexts and respondents. The following are the main approaches and tools used: Desk review: This was used to review project documents supplied by Kinderposzegels and the three Ethiopian partner organizations. The documents included project agreements, periodic program performance and activity reports as well as end of project reports. Relevant national documents pertaining to basic education and child-focused programs and strategies have been consulted. Woreda education office and ABE/school-based reports and student records on various aspects have been reviewed and consulted and necessary information pertaining to project impacts obtained. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Different groups of respondents including former and current students, PTA members, parents and leaders/elders, mothers/parents involved in IGAs/SHGs were involved in the evaluation using FGD guides separately prepared for each group of respondents. 10

Key Informant interviews (KIIs): Using key informant interview protocols, information was collected from former school principals, teachers, upgraded primary school principals, cluster supervisors and WEO officials and experts. The KIIs provided critical information on the evolution of project components and project impacts. Administration of questionnaire: Questionnaire was used to gather information from former facilitators, previous and current teachers on impacts from the different components and aspects of the projects. Since the facilitators/teachers are the closet to the children and key players in education, the questionnaire covered the impact evaluation questions and associated items to get maximum information on the impact of the Kinderpsotzegels supported projects. Checklist: a checklist was designed and utilized to identify the present state of former NFBE centers in light of what impacts the project has created on them. The checklist builds on the key evaluation questions as well as other relevant items to identify changes that happened as a result of Kinderpostzegels project assistances and the implementation effectiveness of partners. Data collection format: different data collection formats were used to gather information on different aspects of the projects to indicate time line changes and impacts of the project. Success story collection: Important success stories the directly results from the project have been captured and presented using success story collection guides and video shots and presented as part of the impact evaluation report. The data so collected through qualitative and quantitative methods were compiled, processed, analyzed and synthesized to produce this impact evaluation report. 11

2.3. Coverage of the evaluation This impact evaluation covered the three Kinderpostzegels partner organizations namely, WCAT (Amhara), ADAA (Oromiya) and LIA-E (SNNPR) focusing on the programs each organization implemented. The project period considered for the impact evaluation is 2008/92015. The evaluation therefore covered project impacts within this timeframe. As the particular focus of this evaluation is to assess the overall impacts of the projects based on the different themes and evaluation focuses, the evaluation does not treat the assignment at specific organization or project level. However, specific project, area and organization based examples have been cited as evidenced to shade light on the overall impacts. Both former project established and owned NFBE Centers and CLFZ government owned project target schools have been included among the samples for ADAA and WCAT. On the part of LIA-E however, it is only former NFBE center schools that are included in the samples Since LIA-E had no CLFZ schools at the time. Below are the human and institutional coverage of the impact evaluation Table 1: Summary of respondents by institution/group, position and sex Institutions/groups S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Partner NGOs Head office and field staff WEO heads and staff Teachers School principals Students including club leaders First generation students followed to where they are learning now. PTA members, parents and community leaders IGA group leaders and members Total % Male 8 6 23 10 27 22 44 2 142 60.4 Number of respondents Female - - 7 1 17 22 5 41 93 39.6 Total 8 6 30 11 44 44 49 43 235 100.0 The evaluation has covered adequate number of people and institutions that are representatives of the different key stakeholders to arrive at the findings and conclusions presented in this report. 12

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3. Findings of the impact evaluation This impact evaluation exercise does not go back and review the performance or meeting the targets set by each of the implementing NGOs as this have either been covered by the project terminal reports or review reports. Its main focuses as stated in the objectives of the evaluation are concentrating on the impacts created by the project implemented by the three NGOs with the financial assistance of Kinderpostzegels. However, as starting points the evaluator wants to note that all the three organizations have met their set target in terms of numbers of children they planned to enroll in their respective NFBE programs. This has been confirmed by the executive directors and key program staff of the NGOs. On the CLFZ projects however, while encouraging impacts have been created as reported in section on child labor below, the target for establishing CLFZ was not possible due to the deep-rooted nature of the child labor problem. It has however to be recognized that even if the targets set to make the project areas free of child labor, the project efforts have resulted in increased demand for education due to the release of many school age children from child labor and paved the way for them to enroll in schools. According to Berhanu Tufa, Director of ADAA, The reason for the continuation of the CLFZ project starting from 2016 was increased demand due to the good results of Anti-HTPs and anti-child labor endeavors and the need to build on the impacts of previous CLFZ projects to eradicate the project areas from child labor. Below are the findings on the impacts of the NFBE and CLFZ projects supported by Kinderpostzegels and implemented by ADAA, LIA-E and ADAA presented in different sections and sub-sections based on the key impact evaluation questions provided by Kinderpostzegels. 14

3.1. Evolution and current state of the project schools and associated structures 3.1.1 Existence of the project schools and upgrading to formal school level The evaluation team as stated in the design and methodology section of this report had the chance to visit selected schools of the three organizations and discuss with diverse groups involving the leaders and staff of the NGOs, local education authorities, community structure representatives and students. The team has been able to confirm that all the project schools of the three organizations are currently operational and that they have all been taken over by the respective woreda education offices (WEOs). The schools have now been upgraded to formal government schools run by government budget and community support and have opened classes up to grade 8. While some of these schools are still providing education up to grade four, they have added classes and accommodated more children. Woreda education office cluster supervisors are the closet to the schools as they are the ones that follow-up the schools. According to Fano Gobena and Mohamed Demboba, Siraro WEO Cluster supervisors, all the ADAA established schools are in good situation. They have expanded their classroom. For example in Senbeto Lencho one block with four classrooms has been constructed by the WEO and community labor support. HaileYesus Solomon, Este WEO Head and Kassa Molla, Education Expert, have also stated that all the NFBE centers that were established by WCAT are functional and upgraded to formal schools mostly with additional classrooms under the administration of the WEO. They have further confirmed that they are the most active schools with students that win inter-school academic competitions. All the principals interviewed during this evaluation also confirmed that the former LIA-E NFBE centers which have now become formal schools have additional classrooms that enabled them to add grades growing to upper primary level. 15

3.1.2 Child friendliness of the schools It is known that a child friendly school makes sure that every child has an environment that is physically safe, emotionally secure and psychologically enabling. Therefore a child friendly school aims to develop a learning environment in which children are motivated and able to learn. When we say that a school is child friendly or has conducive learning environment, we consider that the school compound is safe, there is no child abuse, teachers treat children well and encourage them to participate in all classroom and school activities, and classroom provisions and sitting arrangements are suitable for student engagement. It is against most of these criteria that the impact of the projects on child friendliness of the schools was reviewed. In order to get information on the impacts from this perspective, the views of children was taken as the main source of information while that of PTA members, teachers, cluster supervisors, principals were also taken into account. The evaluation team was able to find out that overall, the project schools have gradually evolved into child friendly schools with the increasing awareness raising efforts of the NGOs, the training of teachers in active learning, the mobilization of resources by the community and WEOs to supply materials for the schools and construction of additional classrooms, etc. During an FGD with them, students of different grades at Biten Kubi Project School in Siraro Woreda stated the following: • When they started learning their NFBE Center had latrine, later it owned latrine but not separate. Now it has a separate latrine for boys and girls. • Each classroom has sufficient combined desks. • They participate in classroom and in different clubs. • There are enough playing grounds and balls for both boys and girls • The school compound had no fence. Now the compound is fenced. They further stated that they like their school so much that they often want to be in the school than elsewhere. Nearly all the children that participated in FGDs in all the four schools of SNNPR where LIA-E was the implementer, confirmed that their schools are very friendly in both providing education, and opportunities for playing and involving in various clubs. The following views of student Tsehaynesh Selamu, a grade 4 student in Danmera Primary School, Gombora Woreda of SNNPR, summarizes most responses on child friendliness of the schools. 16

Our school continued to improve every time, from dusty floor to paved floor, from sitting on stones to combined desks, from just listening in class to asking and answering questions and also involving in group activities. We like our teachers and I think they like us because they encourage us to participate in class and in clubs and they also know the names of all of us. Our school compound is also clean and it has play grounds. Even our small siblings like staying in our school compound. In confirming the impact that the projects created in transforming the school into child friendly institutions, Haileyesus Solomon, Este WEO Head said “The project created child friendly schools. The schools have improved compounds and furniture, the teachers apply active learning, The children actively participate in class, in academic competitions and also clubs. This idea of child friendly school has also influenced our government schools and we are trying to improve other schools and make them as child friendly as the project schools” According to Mersha Yigzaw, PTA chair of Alemeda Primary school in Este Woreda, the schools gradually became very friendly to children, teacher handled student better due to training, and that children love to come to school because it is welcoming to them. The evaluation team has been able to confirm that what has been stated by all kinds of respondents on how the projects have impacted on creating child friendly schools are generally true and are visible on the ground. Some of the views that have been given by children who have been transferred to other schools even without being asked are testimonies to how the project has created child friendly schools. For example first generation students that were transferred to non-project government schools of Loke and Loke Kecha upper primary schools in an FGD with them gave the following contrast with their former project school: Learning was very attractive in their former NFBE Center compared to their current government school where they are transferred • Their school environment is less clean and less friendly • The education is not sufficient and teachers come late • There were different clubs in their former NFBE Centers, in their present schools there are no clubs. • The facilitators at their former Loke Sifo NFBE were very caring, friendly and knew them and also their parents. But, in their current schools they don’t know most of them by name. in most case the teachers ask and students respond. 17

3.1.3. Functionality of school structures The different structures that have been established by the three implementing NGOs in their respective project areas have been found to be instrumental in introducing awareness, innovation, and change and also in the sustaining productive impacts of the projects. There were school-based and community-based structures in different areas. Some of the structures are permanent and are still active while others were temporary and transformational in nature as they were used for the purpose of initial mobilization during the early years of the projects. Such groups as Community Conversations (CC) were also used for awareness campaigns and mobilization purposes There were also multi-sectoral Child Welfare Advisory Committees as well as Parent Mobilization committees in the case of (LIA-E). The most common however, were CMCs (later transformed to PTAs), school clubs, and anti-HTP and anti-child labor committees. CMCs/PTA: CMCs which were critically important initial structures were changed in to PTAs when the project schools were handed over to the respective WEOs at the end of the project. Most CMC members became PTA members and continued managing the schools and mobilizing resources and community support as well as partnering with local government agencies. The PTAs were found to be strong and active in all the schools that the evaluation team visited. The PTAs are the ones who know the evolution of the school in both the former NFBEs and the CLFZ schools and they are the ones who are now building on the gains of the project in collaboration with the WEO and the community. All of the WEO officers of the project woredas, the cluster supervisors, and the school principals that participated in this evaluation unequivocally acknowledged that the PTAs of all the project schools are still very active and supportive of the school expansion and activities. School clubs: Various types of clubs have been established in schools to engage students and make them active participants on different co-curricular activities. Some of the commonest clubs according to students of visited schools are sports, anti-AIDS, girls, environment, anti-HTPs, anti-child labor, mini-media, civic and ethical education, etc. clubs. While the clubs are diverse, the types and numbers of available clubs in different schools varied. Though the level of engaging students in club activities varied, the evaluation team did not come across a school that did not have clubs. The Chewsar Primary school students in their discussion with the evaluation team explained that there are sport club, girls club, anti-HTPs club and anti-AIDS club in their school. They also confirmed that all of them are club members and that 18

students join different clubs according to their interest. They stated that seven out of the 8 students that participated in the FGD with the evaluator are in club leadership positions. Students that participated in FGDs at Senbete Lencho School in Siraro Woreda confirmed that those that are actively engaging in club activities: • Increased their confidence and were able to express their views without being shy both in class and outside class • Became advocates on ant-HTPs and child labor • Promoted the idea of access to education and equality of CWDs They further stated that girls helped in spreading the equal rights of girls to education and stand for their right not to be victims of early marriage. Speaking about the benefits they obtained from the presence and participation in school clubs, Children of Mehal Bobicha Primary school in Lemo Woreda, that through engaging in club activities in their schools, they became aware of child labor, child rights, HTPs, HIV/AIDS. They further stated that they exercised leadership roles, participated in different dialogues, competed in sport events in their school and with neighboring schools, The opinions expressed by students of the above three schools, (which were also true for most of the schools visited by the evaluation team) are strong evidences of the functionality of the clubs and the positive impacts created by the Kinderpostzegels supported projects. 19

3.1.4. Historical evolution of school attendance in the target area That the project established NFBE schools have continued to exist and that all of them have been taken over by WEOs and upgraded to regular primary schools has been discussed above. The functionality of the former CLFZ schools has also been witnessed as indicated earlier. Enrollment in both NFBE and CLFZ schools from the start of the project to the end of the project and beyond showed a general trend of growth from time to time as indicted in table 2 and 3 below. Table 2: Enrollment of children in different years in former Kinderpostzegels Supported project NFBE Centers/current upgraded government schools Name of NGO Number of children at the beginning of the project Male ADAA LIA-E WCAT Total The introduction of Kinderpostzegels supported NFBE program in the project areas the three partner NGOs implemented has created the opportunity for equitable access to basic education as indicated in table 2 above. From the start to the end of the projects enrollment has shown growth for both boys and girls in learning centers of all the three organizations. The project that began with 11,085 ended up with 16850 showing a substantial growth indicating the positive impact of the project (please see details on enrollment of the three partner NGOs in annex 1-3). 4622 1302 513 6437 Female 3090 1129 429 4651 Total 7712 2431 942 11085 Number of children at the end of project (2015) Male 7116 1794 804 9714 Female 4835 1617 684 7136 Total 11951 3411 1488 16850 Current enrollment (2018) in the upgraded former project NFBE Center Male 5445 2609 328 8382 Female 3579 2365 300 6244 Total 9024 4974 628 14626 20

Table 3: Enrollment of children in different years in former Kinderpostzegels Supported project CLFZ government schools Name of NGO Number of children at the beginning of the project ADAA total enrollment in different years WCAT total enrollment in different years Total As in the case of the CLFZ project schools of ADAA and WCAT higher number of children were enrolled during the initial period of the project (13,503) showing decline at the end of the project being 12,777 (table 3). This according to the WEO and school principals is because of opening of new schools near villages that drawing new entrants to other schools as well as the enrollment of many out-ofschool children during the first several years of the project reducing the backlog. Generally however, a large number of children are still enrolled in CLFZ two years after the end of the project showing that children are saved from child labor and are in school.(please refer to annex 1-3 for details on enrollment per implementing partner NGO). There was no school that did not increase its number of classrooms with the exception of Afer Gebeya Primary school in Este woreda which couldn’t due to resources shortage but is preparing to construct now), all the visited schools have increased the number of their classrooms. All the schools including Afer Gebeya primary school have additional teachers assigned by the WEO. Therefore it is evident that the schools have continued to evolve after the end of the project on the aspects of physical infrastructure and human resources (teachers in particular) with resources from WEOs and the community and schools’ internal income. Male 3872 Female Total 2698 6570 Number of children at the end of project (2015) Male 4317 Female Total 3175 7492 Current enrollment (2018) in the upgraded former project NFBE Center Male 4975 Female 3285 Total 8260 3488 3445 6933 2631 2654 5285 3310 3281 6591 7360 6143 13503 6948 5829 12777 8285 6566 14851 21

The evaluation team has confirmed that all the visited schools as indicated above have additional classrooms at the end of the project and even now. For example Gizachew Lerebo, principal, Bifola Primary School, Misha Woreda of SNNPR witnessed saying “my school has increased from initial 3 classrooms when LIA-E established it to 5 at the end of the project and now we have six and working towards adding one more. The number of teachers grew from 4 at the start to 10 at present. The support to the schools from the government and the community has continued after the end of the project up to this day. The support to from government in most schools came in the forms of block grant (financial support to each school from the woreda administration based on per child enrolled in the school) and School grant (financial support from the Federal based on per child enrolled in the school). While the block grant amount varied from woreda to woreda based on the availability of resources, school grants are provided uniformly all over the country. All the visited schools have confirmed that they receive both grants. In addition to the block grants some woredas such as Siraro have built a modern 4 classroom structure with a total of Birr 700,000.00 immediately after ADAA handed over the school. For the upgrading of Bifola school in Misha Woreda of SNNPR, the local government has agreed to provide teachers, textbooks and other school expenses while the community has already contributed money and material for the expansion which will be ready for the academic year that starts in September 2018. According to the PTA members of Afer Gebeya primary school, The PTA and the school administration decided to temporarily hire a teacher from the schools own income to replace a teacher on maternity leave so that children will not miss class which is an evidence of giving high value to education. The school principal also confirmed that a female teacher has been assigned. Taking about this matter, Mekuanint Haile a member of the PTA stated that they hired the teacher temporarily because they learned the value of education from WCAT, and cared that children should not miss class. The evidence so far indicates that the schools have continued to obtain support from local government and the community. However, no donor or other NGO supports to the schools was reported after the end of the Kinderpostzegels assisted projects ended. There were however, isolated cases where, World Vision provided playing materials for preschool classes in Siraro woreda. The present information exchange between the NGOs and the WEOs/school with regard to former schools is almost nil with the exception of occasional experience sharing visits of former CLFZ 22

schools by new CLFZ project school staff. While nearly all the visited schools by the evaluation team reported the construction of additional classroom, there is no adequate data on the additional classrooms constructed in all the former project schools. There is also no readily available compiled data on existing number of teachers in the former project schools. This made it difficult to establish and also compare student teacher ratios and student classrooms ratios in the former project school. In terms of growth in student enrollment, the picture is very different and hard to be conclusive. For example in many of the CLFZ schools it was reported that the enrollment has increased because more children were released from child labor as a result of the projects’ positive contribution. On the other hand, in a number of the former NFBE centers, the enrollment did not grow because of the following two factors: a) Because of the effective campaign of the projects, all the overaged children were enrolled and the backlog is completed. Also the creation of the preschools enabled the right age entry of children to school hence there is no sources for the additional overaged children that increased enrollments before. b) Government also opened some new primary schools in some villages especially in Amhara/Este and in several woredas in SNNPR. Hence, children, instead of coming to former project schools went to government schools nearest to them. Several of the former NFBE schools which are now upgraded to regular schools in the three project regions have become feeder/satellite schools to upper primary schools in their vicinity. The clearance of the backlog in terms of over-aged children and also the entrance of children at the right school age are very positive contribution of the Kinderpostzegels supported former project schools. 23

3.2. Project impacts on the quality of education Ethiopia has made impressive growth in its educational development in the last decade, particularly in the areas of access and equity with the support of different international and local partners. On the other hand, in spite of continued efforts, improving the quality of education has remained a persistent challenge across the education system. The challenges the education system in Ethiopia faces in terms of quality of education at different levels is indicative of the fact that gains in access has not translated into gains in learning outcomes at different levels. The problems associated with poor quality education particularly at the primary level with regards to learning outcomes and early grade reading have been acknowledged by consecutive national learning assessments results at grades 4 and 8 levels (MOE-USAID) and ESDP V as well as recent EMIS reports. It has been recognized that the national problems of low quality education requires robust quality improvement interventions. The MOE, together with RSEB have welcomed any education interventions that aim at addressing the issues of quality education especially at the primary level since the launching of ESDP IV in 2011. Kinderpostzegels and its Ethiopian partner NGOs have exactly been doing the same. Right from the start, the focuses of the education project supports were on access, equity and quality. As access and equity related impacts are treated in other sections of this project, here we will only focus on project impacts focusing on the quality of education from the perspective of teachers/facilitators skill improvement, benefits obtained from the Kinderpostzegels assisted training programs and continuity in the application of the gains from the teacher/facilitator trainings . The major training component for teachers/facilitators during the life of the project was active learning which was provided in different rounds to former facilitators and teachers in both NFBE centers and CLFZ project covered government schools. Any instructional approach that actively engages students in the learning process is an active learning method. In active learning methods, students are involved in actual learning activities and reflect or think on what they did to draw learning. In the Kinderpostzegels supported projects, facilitators/teachers were trained in active learning skills, methods and strategies which they applied during the lives of the NFBE and CLFZ project schools in the three NGOs covered by this impact evaluation. Below are the impacts of the project on improving the quality of education presented from two perspectives. 24

3.2.1. Project contribution to skill improvement of teachers/facilitators One of the components of the Kinderpostzegels project supports is building the capacity teachers to positively impact on the quality of education which was done through developing the skills of facilitators initially and later to teachers. The major emphasis of the training was on the introduction of active learning pedagogical approach. Active learning is a comprehensive approach to education which engages students in direct learning activities, assigns the teachers the role of a facilitator of learning than teaching, and encourages continuous assessment of learning to feed into improving learning putting the child at the center of learning. The change that the training of teachers in active learning and upgrading their skills has been widely testified by WEO officers and cluster supervisors, school principals, the teachers themselves and even students. Ayele Shoboro, Cluster Supervisor of Gombora WEO was very impressed by how much the training of teachers enhanced the skills of even other teachers. In his own words he said the following: I am amazed how much the training changed the teachers. It is not only their skills and approaches that improved, but also their motivation levels. Their encouragement for students to become active participants in class was very noticeable. The trained teachers went to the extent of training and mentoring new teachers assigned to their schools. Our WEO uses the project school teachers as resources teachers for different clusters. Haileyesus Solomon, head of Este WEO also acknowledged that teachers’ skill training in active learning developed the capacities of teachers and made huge differences in introducing participatory teaching and learning, giving particular attention to girls and to CWDs, preparing and using learning aids even by students and the use of assessment-based learning as an approach. He was also very much appreciative of the work of trained teachers as capacity builders for other government schools in the field of introducing active learning methods. Berhanu Tufa, executive director of ADAA outlining the benefits gained from teachers’ training program by Kinderpsotzegels confirmed that after active learning training was introduced by DEC: • Teachers commitment increased • Classroom engagement was enhanced • Student assessments improved • Student activities increased, and • Peer supervision among teachers increased 25

According to Gudeta Bullo, ADAA project officer, the skill training for facilitators/teachers was the key in building their capacities. His opinion is that teachers completely changed their approaches. There was marked difference between schools that have trained teachers and those who didn’t get the chance. The trained teachers prepared and used learning media, increased student participation and contributed towards improved academic performance. He further stated that non-project schools asked for training support and also used project schools as model school for experiences sharing. The following testimony of Tarekegn Tadesse, principal of Danmera Primary school in SNNPR gives a comprehensive observation on the benefits of the skill training. The project school teachers excelled in their teaching methods, classroom management, student participation etc. compared to other school teachers. The teachers trained in active learning implemented what they learned and also are trainers and advisor to teachers in other government schools. Student handling and participation improved. Participation of children grew; classroom arrangement and management became suitable for learning. Learning/teaching materials prepared and used and students also prepare. Our school is the best model in the preparation of and utilization learning/ teaching aids including students. Teacher from other government schools come for experiences sharing in this regard. The benefits that were obtained as the result of teachers skill training is visible in explanation that students gave during FGDs with the evaluation team. Students of Chewsar Primary school in Este woreda expressed that teachers changed their methods of teaching compared to previous experiences. In citing examples of the changes that they observed they stated that teachers made them participate in class activities, involving them in asking questions and also answering questions and doing group activities. Students also witnessed that teachers came with story books and other learning materials. The above opinion of children in Chewsar Primary school on the changes in the delivery of education by trained teachers was also confirmed by the PTA members of the same school. Misganaw Worku, a member of the school’s PTA explaining the change in the approach of teachers after training said “The quality of education has improved because of teacher training. Teachers started giving assignment and also inviting parents after they got training to discuss on the education of our children”. The increase in the skills of the teachers after they were given training and the change that the trained teachers introduced in their approach which is based on active learning has been observed by participants of this evaluation ranging from children to WEO heads. 26

Besides improving their skills and using the benefits they gained from the training the projects availed, project school teachers took what they gained a step further and multiplied them to other non-project schools. This has been the case in the project schools of all the three organizations covered by this impact evaluation. It has also been observed that there are still traces of applications of the skills imparted by the active learning training provided the teachers. In the statements of Kassa Molla, Este woreda education expert, it has been observed by him and other supervisors that trained teachers still use skills from the training in their present jobs and that the skills gained from active learning are being spread to cluster level schools through using former project schools as trainers to new teachers. Representatives of Siraro, Gombora, Misha and Lemo woreda also supported the same opinion. , fig.1. Did the project contribute to your skill improvement YES NO Teachers who underwent training in active learning were also asked if they have been able to improve their skills as a result of the training provided by the project. As it is depicted in figure 1, above all the respondents affirmed that their skill have been improved by the project The evaluation team has been able to verify from the principals and teachers who participated in this evaluation that in most of the schools teachers apply active learning skills and also they share their experiences with other teacher that have not been exposed to such trainings. In addition to the evidence provided by the diverse respondents on how much the facilitator/teacher training has enhance the skills of teachers and resulted in positive changes in their instructional approach, the evaluation team was able to see the low cost, locally made learning materials the teachers and students produced as a result of the training and also how much they have been using them when classes were in session. Though the improvement in the skills of teachers and applying the skills the teachers gained from the training are positive results of the project, the most important point is how much these outcomes have contributed towards enhancing the quality of education. This is the subject of the next section. 27

3.2.2. Contributions of the introduction of O-level classes One of the innovative endeavors of Kinderpostzegels’ education support in Ethiopia is the introduction of O-level class attached to the ABE and other school support programs implemented by its partner organizations. The impact evaluation team had the opportunity to observe and gather information on O classes in all the Woredas and schools it visited. Based on what the responses and what it was able to collect, the introduction of O-class has been found to have resulted in the following positive impacts. Children who attended O level classes have become academically much better compared to other children who joined primary school without this opportunity. The respondents both at WEO and school levels confirmed the positive impact the introduction of O-class created on the comparative advantage of children that passed through O-class in their academic performance in the next level of education. According to Getahun Muliye, Principal of Belta Primary School in Este, those who joined grade one from O-class are fast learners compared to those who were not in preschool. Ahmed Gemeda Principal of Biten Kubi Priamry School in Siraro confirming this said “Those who attended O-class are much better in their class performance in grade one and next levels than those who didn’t come to our O-class before age 7.”. In the opinion of Alfia Tunicha, a female teacher at Loke Sifo School, when children from O-class and not from O-class get to the same grade one, those who were in O-class excel other children who did not come from O-class in many ways including academic results. A research commissioned by Kinderpostzegels on behalf of the Child and Development Alliance on the effects of early learning (O-class) found out the same results as the above observations. The research compared the results of children who went through O-level education against those who had no chance to go through O-class before joining grade one. The study found out “Children who passed through O-level education were found performing more than those children who didn’t pass through the O-level education” (Hussein A, Abera, D, 2015, p.65”. 28

Other impacts include the familiarization of small children to school environment giving them the opportunity for playing, learning and interacting with peers and remaining in the school system in the future as well. The observation of Gizachew Lerebo Principal Bifola Primary in SNNPR is a strong evidence of how far-reaching the impacts of O-class could be even in promoting equality among children. According to Gizachew “The introduction of the O level class is an important factor that helped the marginalized Fuga Community children to start mixing as equals with other children from early age and helped them to remain in school later”. The contribution of O-level class in increasing access to education at the right age is also significant. As indicated above, children who started at this class level are more likely to go to grade one and continue their education. According to Tarekegn Yehuala, Principal of Chewsar Primary school, those who start from O-class smoothly join grade one and continue through out. The opinions of Mohammed Demboba and Fano Gobena, cluster supervisors of Siraro WEO, was also a confirmation of the above reports where they stated that O-class, which was introduced by ADAA has been adopted and expanded to all schools in their woreda and has substantially contributed to expand access to primary education while at the same time resulting in improving the quality of learning for those who went through O-class level education. 3.2.3. Contribution to improvement in the quality of education Though facilitator/teacher training is the single most important determinant of quality improvement in the education sector, the impact of the projects on the quality of education have also to be seen in light of the provision of other inputs such as the provision learning aids, classroom improvements, provision of reading materials, science kits and making the school environment conducive for learning. The support that Kinderpostzegels gave to project schools through its implementing partner NGOs also included these items. These and other provisions coupled with the training of facilitator/ teacher have impacted positively on increasing the quality of education. The improvement in the quality of education in the project schools have been confirmed by all the different respondents of this evaluation in all the woredas and schools visited. The evaluation team went further and looked for evidences that indicate improvement in the quality of education. While the best indicator for quality improvement is to give standard reading and learning assessments and review the results, this was beyond the scope of this evaluation. 29

The team however explored other evidence which were based on comparative student performances and proxy indicators that could explain how much the students were interested in the provision of the education and remained in the education system. One of the indicators used to show improvement in the quality of education in project schools used was the results of project school students compared to non-project schools in their locality. The evaluation team learned that in most cases, WEOs gave tests on reading, writing, arithmetic and different subjects at cluster and woreda levels. In all the inter-school competitions, there are both project and non-project schools. For example according to Tarekegn Dagne, WCAT project coordinator for Este Woreda, in Belta cluster schools, where there are 7 schools in the cluster, in child academic talent competition for grades 2, and 4. Alem Meda stood 1st and Tirtriat stood 2nd. The other government schools had lower rank including Wengidib, Belta. Ginbar Wuha. The results of the project schools in the competitions are indicative of better quality education provided by the project schools. The above observation has also been further verified by the Afer Gebya Priamry school principal, Ambachew Seyum who said “In the academic competition organized by the cluster supervisor among five schools in the cluster where only Afer Gebeya was a project school, our school stood first in all grades 1-4 competition in all subjects. Both the children and our school was awarded prizes by the WEO for its academic performance 2015/16” ADAA project schools also reported the contribution of the project in improving the quality of education. The principals and teachers of all the visited schools stated that as a result of the training of teachers and the availability of provisions inputs, the project schools have demonstrated progress in providing quality of education. The proof according to them is that students who went to upper primary from their project schools became the highest ranking students. These claims have been confirmed by Fano Gobena and Mohamed Demboba who are cluster supervisors of Siraro woreda. The two supervisors added that most of the time project school students are among the first 20 in their ranks when they are transferred to the next level of schools. 30

The project evaluation team came across the same evidences of contribution of the project towards enhancing the quality of education. In addition to the confirmation by Ayele Shomboro, Gomboro woreda supervisor on improved quality of education that the projects introduced, Tarekegn Tadesse, Principal, Danmera, Primary school added the following “Our students were the best wherever they went. At Gombora woreda level our school stood first in academic performance and was awarded for providing good quality education. We believe that the training given to teachers on active learning and the provision of inputs for educational provisions by LIA-E are the major factors as most of the schools that competed with us did not have project support” Fig. 2. Has the academic performance of children in the project schools improved? YES NO NO IDEA A great majority of them (96.6%) expressed that the academic performance of children has improved in the project schools. Only 03.3% of the responding teachers had no idea if improvements in academic performances have occurred. It is generally believed that when the quality of education is good and the learning environment is suitable, children are likely to reduce absenteeism, repeating classes and dropping out from school unless forced by other factors. In the views of WEO heads, experts, supervisors and school principals in all the project woredas of the three partner NGOs of Kinderpsotzegels, there are low dropout rates and very limited absenteeism in the project schools. According to Aklilu G/Michael, Director of LIA-E, the provision of quality education is demonstrated by the improved student academic performance, enhanced class participation, and increased club activities witnessed in project supported schools. Based on the evidences provided by the different respondents as given above, the evaluation tea, has been able to realize that a combination of several Kinderpostzegels Proejct supports such as teacher training, the creation of better school physical infrastructure, provision of learning materials, reference materials and organization of tutorial and peer learning has resulted in improved academic performance of students which is a clear testimony of the contribution of the Projects towards the improvement of the quality of education. 31

3.3 Project impacts on the quality of education Since neither implementing partner organizations nor Project woredas or schools kept systematic track of first generation students of the Kinderpostzegels Project assisted NFBE Centers and CLFZ schools, it may not be possible to get a complete picture of what happened to the first generation students of the project. Though they provided general information, WEOs and schools were not able to provide disaggregated quantitative data about first generation students within the timeframe of this impact evaluation. The Este and Siraro WEOs estimated that almost all the first generation students have continued their education while some schools in SNNPR put the proportion of first generation students that continued their education to this day to 90 percent. The general indications are that most students have continued their education. The evaluation team wherever it went has also been able to get information that is sufficient to make such conclusions as presented in the sub-sections below. 3.3.1. Continuation of learning by the children after the project Though not able to provide numbers, Este Woreda WEO head and his expert stated that they have information that most of the students continuing their education in upper primary and secondary schools nearest to their former schools. School principals in the woreda also have the same view. One of them Getachew Amlaku of Afer Gebeya Primary school cited some examples saying the following: The first generation students now reached grade 8 learning in Yekra, Sholekt and Tsion schools. We follow on them to get information. The schools give us feedback every month on their ranks on semester standings. We often get positive feedback about their academic performance. Especially Yekra school sends regular feedback per semester. Fano Gobena and Mohamed Demboba, Siraro Custer supervisors of Siraro WEO also expressed the same view saying that, although they did not have full statistical information, they have confirmed that most of the children in both NFBE and CLFZ projects have continued their education and are in upper primary and secondary level schools. The two wordas supervisors further testified that dropout and repetition rates among first generation students who have continued their education are very little. 32

Continuing to learn with success Meseret Molla, is currently a 14 year old grade 7 student in Wubterara primary school. She came from a former Tirtriat NFBE center. Speaking about her background Meseret said “I started school in Tirtiriat NFBE center. Our teachers were good and caring for us in Tirtriat. We always participated in class and were made to read and compete. When I finished grade 4 and moved to a new school, I had no fear. I was able to easily follow my education. I stood 6th out of 68 students in my new school”. Meseret’s testimony is indicative of how much the Project helped her to get her first basic education classes and also gave her a strong background both in her education and courage to continue successfully in her next school. Cluster supervisors and principals and teachers of the visited schools also stated that most first generation students have joined upper primary schools and have successfully continued their education. Such views were reported by the principals and teachers of Dammera, Bifola, and Mehal Bobicha primary schools in SNNPR. In addition to the testimony of the WEOs, school principals and teachers, the evaluation team, also traced first generation students held discussions with them and was able to verify from them that most of their friends who started school with them from grade one have continued their education. The team was able to talk to 44 (22 male and 22female) first generation students from ADAA, LIA-E and WCAT former project school who are in in different upper primary and secondary schools. All of them agreed that most first generation student who started school with them have continued their education successfully. It has however to be noted that even though in most project schools the first generation students have successfully continued their education, there are some exceptions in the case of LIA-E first generation students where there are children of Fuga-Community where the number of enrolled children sow a decline. The evaluation team learned that in the former Danmera NFBE Center which is now the Danmera Primary school initially enrolled 25 Fuga children. There are now only 9 Fuga students of which 8 are in grade 4 and one in grade five. All of them were supposed to be in grade four had they not repeated class. It is reported by the school principal that usually the girls are the ones that drop out. They get married and also engage in pottery (a traditional Fuga community economic activity due to lack of access to land) in spite of attempts to retain them in school. 33

In most cases they say they cannot feed themselves because of poverty. The other reason for dropping out is they started school late and often bigger than other children in classes. They tend to leave and get engaged in livelihood activities or marry. Outstanding first generation student Wube Wolde is a 16 year old first generation student of former Afer Gebeya NFBE who is now a grade 8 student in Sholekt Primary School. He was a student that obtained assistance before from WCAT. Wube has always been a rank student when in NFBE. He continued to be an outstanding student after joining Sholekt School. He has always been a prize winner. Wube stated that Afre Gebeya NFBE gave him a good academic foundation. In his present school, Wube is an active member of three clubs and has won award at Woreda level for his contribution in school clubs. According to Ebabau Azmera, Principal of Sholekt school, Wube is the most outstanding and promising student of the school. 3.3.2. Situation of first generation students One of the most important impacts that this evaluation found was that wherever the team went and spoke to different WEO officials, supervisors, principals, teachers and the first generation students themselves, it was able to conclude that the benefits from the previous project schools are very visible up to these days and has helped the students to continue their education with success. The evaluation team did not simply discuss with the 43 first generation students and other respondents, but also reviewed their academic records of the first semester and found out that their standings in their class were among the best. Of the 43 first generations students who are now in upper primary and secondary schools 74.4% stood 1-10 in their class rank while 25.6 % were in the 11-15 rank (rank 1 being the highest in academic performance) in class sizes ranging from 27-69 students per class (where being 27th and being 65th are the last ranks) in the different schools they are learning in. Kassa Molla, Este WEO education expert acknowledged that first generation children have not just continued their education in other schools but have always scored high in competitive tests given to their school by the WEO. He and the WEO head Haileyesus believe that all the currently enrolled first generation students will pursue 34

their education to the end and change their lives. Cluster supervisors, principals and teachers who are closest to the first generation students testified the same and also added that the first generation students have not just continued their education but that they are academically excelling, active participants, confident and much better than those students in non-projects in every aspect. In this connection, Mohamed Demboba, Siraro cluster supervisors said as follows: In former project schools which we have taken over now, teachers practice better handling of students. They are very friendly to the children and encourage them to become active participants in learning. The students themselves have a lot of confidence in expressing themselves. The girls are also equal players. In non-project school teachers and students are not close to each other. Students are shy to speak to teachers and less confident. Teachers who are always directly in contact with their students were also asked about their observation on the level of confidence of students and also how much expressive of themselves they are in class. As demonstrated in figure 3 below, a big majority of the teachers (96.6%) witnessed that students in class are confident and express themselves. A small proportion (03.3%) however were not sure if the students are confident and expressive of themselves in class. Overall, the confidence level of the students and their expression capacity in class is affirmed by a huge proportion of the responding teachers indicating how much the project has enhanced the confidence and expression ability of students in the project schools. Fig.3. Did children in the project schools show confidence in expressing themselves in class? YES NO NO IDEA According to Abdurahman Buli Principal Senbete Lencho, The first generation children have sat for Ethiopian General Secondary School Leaving Examination at grade 10. There are 8 first generation children in grade 10 at Senbete secondary school. One of the first generation girl students called Amina Tuke stood 1st grade 10 during the first semester and that she has always been the best student in her school. 35

Shining girl students Berket Melese (right), first generation student and Sintayehu Temsegen (second generation) started school in Bobocha NFBE center. Both are the leading students of the school. Bereket stood first in grade 6 and Sintayehu also stood first in grade 5. Their school has been upgraded to formal primary. According to 2018. According to Meselech Gebere, principal of the school, the two girls have always been the leading students in their class, winners of inter-school academic competition and among the most active in different school clubs. It is quite revealing to note that first generation students who were average in their former project schools became outstanding students when they were transferred to upper primary non-project schools. Ayele Shoboro, Gomboro WEO cluster supervisor in this regard said “The first generation students from Danmera, NFBE are now in grade 5 in nearby non-project Dil Betigil and Arara primary schools. Wherever the first generations students went, they are among the best. Even those who were low performers in the project schools easily became lead students in the non-project school they joined”. Overall students in project school including first generation students have been rated better by all respondents. WEO officers and cluster supervisors of all the project woredas have attested that dropping out of school and absenteeism are rare and student academic performance are better in project schools compared to non-project schools and that many parents prefer to send their children to former project schools given the chance. According to Meselech Gebre, principal of Mehal Bobicha primary school, her former project school students have excelled in academic performance in competition with nearby non-project government schools of Kindingisa, Masgera and Forkessa who are in the same cluster. Meselch further explained that performance has showed continuous improvement where out of 6 classes in her school, girls ranked 1st in four of them. In the cluster school system where her school is the only former project school out of 5 schools, her students repeatedly stood first in academic competition and got prizes both for the school and themselves. The evaluation team in its review of student rosters from grade 1-6 was able to confirm that the principal’s claim about the girls’ performance was correct. The standing of the school in completion with the other government schools in the cluster has also been verified by the team. 36

3.4 State of project supported IGAs The IGA group of poor mothers (males also included in some groups) that were established with the purpose of enabling poor families to improve the economic situation and eventually support the education of their children has been reviewed by the impact evaluation team. It is necessary to set form the outset that all the economic groups of poor families that are known as either IGAs groups or SelfHelp Groups (SHGs) are existing and are functional. The successful single mother Adbar Tadesse used to be a poor single mother whose husband died many years ago leaving three children behind. She became a member IGA group in Este woreda in Belta CLFZ school area. With the first 1,100.00 Ethiopian Birr She bought four sheep. Through hard work the number of her sheep grew to 12. In fact she has already sold four to support the education clothing and other expenses of her children. All her three children are now in school of which the eldest, a girl is now in grade 8. The PTA leaders and members of Belta Primary School as well other members the IGA group strongly testified that Adbar is among the most successful IGA support recipients in a group of 25 beneficiaries that has increased her income substantially and continued supporting the education of her children without interruption. 3.4.1. Contributed to the improvement of the economic position of the target mothers/families The evaluation team, wherever it visited, has found out from the members and their leadership that they are still active, engaged in business and supporting themselves and their children to go to school. The PTA members, school principals and cluster supervisors have all confirmed that all the IGA groups are operational. However, it was not possible for the team to determine the proportion of women that improved their income as there are no statistical data available recording change in their income level from time to time except the claims by the members that they are able to support themselves and their children. It has though, to be recognized that there was no doubt on the part of the IGA members, PTAs and school principals that the IGA groups have kept on improving their income. 37

For example Anchinalu Fetene, a member of Selam Bandinet IGA group in Este says “our saving group has completely changed our life. The awareness, the funding, and the advice, have helped us improve our economic position. Our involvement in business has resulted in improving our life and the life of our children.” Other members of this same IGA group stated that all members are active and that their incomes have increased, their children get food, clothes and school materials. They also confirmed that all the children of every IGA members are in school enrolled in grade 1-8. Members of different PTA groups in Este have also established the view that members of IGA groups have shown economic improvement through their business activities with support from the projects. PTA members of Chewsar, Afer Gebeya and Alem Meda Primary schools invariably established that all IGA members have continued their saving and that even after selling some of their sheep a number of sheep still have up to 12 sheep including lambs. The words of Kasanech Ferede, a poor mother and member of Chewsar IGA Group who said “Our income has improved. From nothing we have many sheep. We send our children to school. Our house is cleaner and better organized. We pay our health expenses. We feed our children. We have learned business skills and able to expand. We have aspiration to grow” corroborates the above opinions of the PTA members of the three schools in Este Woreda where WCAT operated. The stories about the economic improvements of poor mothers engaged in project supported IGA groups organized by ADAA in Siraro are similar to that of Este Worda. IGA members and leaders as well as PTA members and school principals informed the evaluation team that that economic improvements of mothers engaged in IGA groups are real. In FGDs with members and leaders of two women IGA groups (Ijole Tegna and Biftu Genema) in Siraro, the participant mothers in both cases established that as a result of the earnings from their IGA business they have recovered their small family plots of land they mortgaged due to poverty before. Shonte Bedassa, the chair lady of Ijole Tegna IGA group confirming this says “because of our saving, we easily borrowed money from our association, planted potato and got profit reclaimed our lands, support ourselves and our family. We now have saving and are better off”. PTA leaders and members of Senbete Lencho, Biten Kubi and Loke Sifo primary schools also stated that the life of many destitute women has improved because of the support from ADAA and engagement in IGAs as a result of which their incomes increased enabling them to feed, clothe and send their children to school. 38

In fact, Ololu Gobie, Senbete Lencho primary School PTA Chair strongly affirmed the opinions of his colleagues saying “We have witnessed the positive changes in the income and the life of the mothers in IGA groups”. The views of Ahmed Gemeda, Principal, Biten Kubi primary school stated below are more expressive in terms of the economic and other improvements of the women in IGA groups: For those of us who know their past story, the women in IGA today look very different in terms of economic status. They work on their land productively and send all their children to school. They are better dressed, their houses are better. They no more look support from others. Those who are not engaged in IGA today envy them. They ask us to organize them into IGA groups. The following simple but highly expressive words of Medina Salia, Member of Kindesitu, IGA group in Jarti Bakule, Siraro are conclusive proofs of how much the IGA groups have helped in improving the economic conditions of poor mothers engaged in business through the Kinderpostzegels supported projects. “Our children used to go to school empty stomach before we were engaged in IGAs, Now, thanks tour saving and credit groups, we do business and make profit, Our children eat, they are clothed and, they even wash their hands with soap” The responses the evaluation team gathered from SNNPR woredas where LIA-E implemented IGA programs depicted similar stories of how the women IGA groups succeeded in enhancing the economic status of their members through savings and involvement in business activities. Workinesh Assefa Secretary of Robot Women IGA Group in Mehal Bobicha, Lemo woreda explained how much they improved their economic status. We have a group with total membership of 20 poor women. “We work in groups of 4-5. We sell edible oil, wheat, maize, beans and sheep. All of us are making money. All members of our IGA group have access to credit and continuously improve their income. We buy milk for our children. We feed them better compared to pre-ADAA support period. We all send our children to school”. Among the Successful IGA members, it is worth noting where poor families that joined IGA groups from among the marginalized Fuga community members stand. LIA-E organized poor Fuga community members together with other community members. In Danmera where there are many Fuga community members, two IGA groups were organized, one for women with 15 members and another for men with 15 members. In both groups there are Fugas. The evaluation team was able to verify that the Fuga members of the two groups actively involved in saving and business activities such as petty trade. 39

Tadesse, Principal Danmera Primary who is closest to both IGA groups says “just like the others members of the IGA groups, women and men of the Fuga community are engaged in saving and trading and have significantly improved their economy. We follow them through their children that regularly attend classes. While there is sufficient information to establish that the IGA groups are still existing, functional and that they have contributed towards improving the economic status of their members, there is no systematically recorded data about each member made available to the evaluation team to determine the proportion or levels of economic improvement since in this respect. In terms of the most profiting business activities, the team learned that these are different for the IGA groups of the three organizations. For example, for the vast majority of IGA groups in Este where WCAT was operating buying and selling sheep is the most the profiting business with exception of very few members who were involved in poultry and vegetable farming. To the women IGA groups in Siraro where ADAA was implementing, planning and selling potato is the most benefiting business for them though there were some who were additionally engaged in selling sheep and crops. In the case of business groups in SNNPR, where LIA-E was supporting, IGA group members found out that the most profiting business that helped them get better income was buying different crops from villages and nearby market and selling them with good profit margins in other markets in nearby towns. The evaluation team ascertained from the IGA members who participated in all the visited project areas that they have improved their business skills and have established through experiences which business activities generate the most profit. That perhaps could be the reason for sustaining their IGA groups and improving their income even beyond the life of the Kinderpsotzegels assisted projects of the three partner NGOs. 40

3.4.2. The role of revenues from IGA on mothers/ families to maintain their children in school In the above section, we have discussed how the IGA groups contributed to the economic situation of poor families especially poor mothers. In most of the responses the evaluation team noted that responding IGA members and others mentioning on the economic benefits also indicated that the improvement in the economic status was reflected in the ability of these families to send their children to school. This further elaborated in this section since the governing interest of Kinderpsotzegels in supporting the idea engagement of poor mothers in IGA was to eventually ensure that children are going to school. The findings of the evaluation team on the contribution of the IGA groups towards improving the economic conditions of the members also led to providing evidences that the income gained from the IGA groups were directed towards supporting and sustaining the education of these poor families. This was verified by the mothers, the children, the school principals, teachers and PTA members as presented below. Among those who verified that revenues from IGAs have supported the education of child are the Head of Este WEO Haileyesus Solomon and education expert Kassa Molla. Kassa who said that he works closely with the schools says “ IGAs have resulted in increasing child participation and created regular attention. Poor parents that involved in IGA have been able to send their children to school with school supplies without discriminating boys and girls. Many IGA members have supported more than one child. Children of IGA group members are known for regular attendance according to reports from schools.” According to Meselech Gebere, Principal, Mehal Bobicho Primary, Lemo Woreda) Children of IGA group members are never absent from school. They don’t drop out of school. Meselch says “The mothers have good contact with the school. The IGA members are good parent mobilizers. They go around and advise other parents. They are good advocates of girls’ education and controlling drop outs.” The following words of a poor mother who is an IGA group member in Este are powerful evidences on whether revenue from IGA business is invested on the education of children, particularly girls. I was poor mother doing daily odd jobs for very little money. I heard about Wabe and joined the poorest of the poor saving group. All the 25 of us are still saving and working making profits. The children of all our members are in school. We are supporting and educating them on our own from savings. Some have reached grade 10. My daughter (Deribe) is one of those in grade 10. My other daughter is grade 8. 41

The testimonies of IGA group members mothers are almost the same in all the three project regions. FGD participating women IGA group members in all the woredas covered attested how the revenues from IGA group members’ business engagement has helped in sending children to school. “The profit from our business helped to support all our children. All members are sending children to school. Our chairperson Besha Guye is a good mobilizer and role model. Since her son has become educated and is now a teacher in our local school, she is a role model mother”. Shege Gemechu, Treasurer of Senbete Lencho IGA group, Siraro. Genet Laroro, Chair Lady of women IGA group in Bifola Primary school where LIA-E was the supporting organization, had almost similar observation when she said “Through the income that we got from engaging in IGA activities as an organized group, we are able to feed, clothe and send our children to school. Both boys and girls go to school without discrimination”. The words Nugusse Kebede, PTA treasurer Chewsar in Este is a comprehensive evidence of how IGA group mothers supported the education of their children when testified saying “Children from poor families are now confident and follow their education as they are supplied with what they need by their parents that benefit from IGA. They don’t drop out of school and feel inferior due to lack of clothing or school materials. They learn and play as equals in school and take part in school clubs.” The information provided above from IGA members who are the direct owners of the self-help groups, their children who are learning in the schools visited and those institutions who are close to them as well as what the evaluation team was able to observed and triangulate information from diverse sources are sufficient to conclude that revenues from IGA obtained by mothers and male IGA participants have been used to maintain their children including girls in school. 42

3.5 State of project supported IGAs In the sub-sections above, we have dealt with specific impacts created by Kinderpostzegels supported projects in relation to the evolution and current state of the project schools and associated structures, impacts on the quality, the situation of the projects’ first generation students as well as the impacts resulting from project supported IGAs. While nearly all of the above major components have identified and provided some elements of the following overall impacts of the projects, more detailed information are provided per the requirements and evaluation questions of Kinderpsotzegels in the sections below. 3.5.1. Contribution to the reduction /elimination of child labor in the intervention areas There have been Out-of-school Children in the CLFZ beyond the life of the project as presented in the reports of ADAA and WCAT at the end of the projects. However, the reports indicated that the projects have resulted in enrolling more and more Out-of-school Children in the CLFZ schools indicating the release of additional children from child labor. Given the backlog in the number of Out-of-school Children and the deep-rooted cultural and other practices of marginalization and the limited capacity to expand schools, the significant number of OOSC in the CLFZ project areas at the end of the projects in WCAT and ADAA could be understandable. The following observation of Berhanu Tuffa, Executive Director of ADAA is realistic on both the challenges and success of the 3-5 years CLFZ endeavors of the project; We were ambitious and thought that we could create CLFZs within the life of the project. But, the depth of the problems, poverty and other factors that had to be resolved required more time and resources. We made substantial success but didn’t create free zones in three years project period. Also the were problems that the schools faced in absorbing the children freed of child labor through hiring additional teachers and building additional classrooms. In spite of the challenges, it is possible to witness how much the CLFZ projects intervention in Amhara and Oromia woredas from the findings below. 43

In both the project woredas (Este and Siraro), the evaluation team came across consistent responses and reports on the contribution of the projects on reducing child labor. These have largely been attributed to the persistent awareness creation by the two implementing NGOs using varying context based strategies and community structures suitable to each project woreda. Among the first to acknowledge the contribution of the project to the reduction of child labor are PTA leaders and member. Nigusse Kebede PTA treasures Chewsar Priamry school observes: Child labor is not seen in the vicinity of our school. There are no such reports. If a parent holds back a child from school for some kind of work, he/she is penalized birr 30.00 and also given advice and strict warning as decided by the community itself in a meeting long ago after awareness education on child labor”. These days, children never go to fetch water, they don’t go to flour mills carrying grains as it used to be in the past. They go to school and focus on their studies. It is reported in the interview with Este WEO head and his education expert that in the schools where CLFZ project was implemented, child labor has almost been eradicated. According to them the contrast between project and non-project schools are vivid. They stated that the children who came from CLFZ project schools and non-project schools have differences in their awareness and confidence. They even went further saying that children from CLFZ schools refuse to stay away from school and resist work at home and in the farms. Children who participated in FGDs in Belta and Chewsar primary schools, witnessed that they • Have no school-age siblings who are not in school • Have small brothers and sisters who are in preschool. • Don’t do hard work at home or in the field, instead they come to school. • Are not given to someone as herders and farm assistants because they are learning and their parents have been told that child labor is wrong. It is quite revealing to note what an 11 year old grade 4 student in Chewsar Primary school named Minale Melese when he was asked about child labor where he said “by being in school we have avoided looking after cattle and able to learn and get modern job in the future”. In such areas of Siraro as Biten Kubi, “child labor is highly reduced. Water fetching, livestock herding, and house hold labor by children has minimized. Parents now use donkey and other animals to fetch water. There are no drop outs. Parents don’t ask children to stay away from school to work even children refuse if they are asked”. Ahmed Gmeda, Principal of Bitena Kubi Primary School. 44

According to reports by ADAA and WCAT, thousands of children have been prevented from and also released from child labor and are in the school system from the start to the end of Kinderpostzegels supported project. ADAA reported 885 children (601 boys and 284 girls) such children while WCAT also reported the number of children prevented as well as released from child labor being 3,679 (1,934 boys and 1,745 girls). Those children are reported to have been integrated into the education system by both organizations. Setting her child free from labor bondage We are educated against child labor by ADAA. There is no more child labor now. My own child was sent to Bale by my husband a distance about 300 Kms. away from our home. After being a members of the IGA, getting education on child labor and making some money, I went to Bale, paid the contract money back and brought back my son who was very weak. He was looking after the cattle of his employers. Today, he has gained wait and goes to school. Following what I did, others parents in my area have brought their children back from where they had hired them to distant places. Leaders and members of two womem IGA groups (Ijole Tegna, and Biftu Genema in Siraor) , invariable admitted that they used to engage their children in hard work such as fetching water from long distances. Now, they stated that all the children go to school. What they added was more notable where they said, let alone their children, they themselves as mothers don’t do the hard work of carrying water from long distances. They proudly said they buy water from those who fetch and sell with the money they make from their IGAs. It is important to recognize that while the overall awareness level of the project area community is the major factor in substantial reduction of children labor, the role of IGA groups established in this regard was very critical especially in allowing poor families to release their children from bondage in hiring them out as herders and other tough work mostly away from parents. The box story in this text under the title “setting her child free from labor bondage” is a good example of how much the project intervention through IGAs has impacted positively on reducing child labor. 45

3.5.2. Project impact on HTPs The three partner organizations of Kinderpostzegels, according to participants of this impact evaluation have made persistent and productive efforts in awareness raising and mobilizing the community including children through school clubs for the fight against HTPs. The following section examines and presents what impacts have been created as a result of the project interventions Such HTPs as early marriage, FGM, and abduction have almost been eliminated according to Getahun Muliye, Belta Principal. He further stated that early marriage is rare and even if married girls continue their education. He reported that there are two married girls that have continued their education after marriage in his school. In the views of Misganaw Worke Chewsar PTA member, the community has awareness on the value of education, the danger of HTPs and FGMs. As a result according to him, “the elimination of child labor as well as sending CWDs to school have become regular practices in our areas. Early marriage for girls used to be rampant at age of 10 and 11. Today, it has stopped. Even the girls themselves say no if parents try and expose their parents” The findings from the implementation woreda of ADAA, Siraro is largely similar. The diverse groups of participants of the evaluation came up with the same observation as that of Este. “Before ADAA made us aware, HTPs were common. We always wanted to get our girl children married early even against paying dowry which impoverished us further. We were slaves of HTPs Now this has completely stopped and our girl children go to school with boys”. Shonte Bedassa, Ijole Kena women IGA group chair, Kubi, Siraro Indicating on how much the project has impacted of student on the aware of HTPs in schools, Ahmed Gemeda, Principal, Biten Kubi school, verified that the various clubs in his school were used as channels for creating awareness on HTPs and fighting them in organized ways by children themselves. 46

Ayele Shomboro, Cluster S. Gonbora WEO stated that HTPs such as abduction, rape, FGM, cutting of the uvulae of children, early marriage, segregating the Fuga Community were campaigned against and showed results such as the following: • Most HTPs are eliminated. Those who practice are taken to court or administration as necessary. • Members of the Fuga Community serve in CMCs/PTAs and other community structures with equal status. There is understanding of equality on both sides. • Fuga children enrolled in school and many have continued and reached grade 4 both boys and girls. But now there are some who dropout especially the girls. • Generally the Fuga community equally participate with other communities in common agenda. • Some government sector offices such as women and children have emulated what LIA-E did and are working against HTPs using community structures, religious and community leaders. The marginalization of the minority Fuga community that took different forms of exclusion such as lack of access to resources, lack of equal opportunity, lack of access to services etc. were an extended dimension of HTPs. As stated above the practices of exclusion have continuously been reduced as explained by Abe Leliso, Chair Danmera PTA who says “discrimination against the Fuga community is diminishing. Their children are in school with the children of the rest of the community on equal status. Members of the Fuga Community take part in community structures as members, leaders and decision makers. There is a lot of positive change these days”. Religious leaders have also added their voice to the opinion that the projects have contributed to the fight against eliminating HTPs. “In our community around Biten Kubi Primary school, HTPs are diminishing, in recent times we are not hearing about early marriage, FGM, abduction or removing of the Uvula of children. Girls have started deciding when to get married by their own. All children are going to school including girls and CWDs” (Kedir Werana, Religious leader, Jarti Bukule primary school area) It is quite revealing to learn that, not only HTPs are being eliminated, but the community is resorting to modern methods of addressing its health challenges instead of traditional HTPs. None other than mothers themselves testified the following in this connection 47

As IGA group we take care of pregnant mothers, we don’t go to traditional midwives we call ambulance or go by cart to clinic. We discuss about how we care for each other during pregnancy and baby care through access to local health service and advice from female health extension workers. We learned this from ADAA. We learn about family planning. We guard our girl children from early marriage. Medina Salia, Member of Kindesitu, IGA group in Jarti Bakule, Siraro The contribution of Kinderpostzegels funded projects implemented by the three partner NGOs have consistently produced positive impacts in all the places visited by the evaluation team. The creation of such effective impacts have been corroborated by information gathered from individuals, groups and institutions ranging from school clubs to WEOs and students to community leaders as discussed above. 3.5.3. Project contribution to breaking the silence with regards to FGM and other HTPs The evaluation team believes that the above presented points on the contribution of the project towards the reduction of child labor and particularly the section on combating HTPs are demonstrations of breaking the silence with regards to FGM and HTPs. However, for the purpose of being specific and also producing additional evidences on how much impact the projects created on this agenda, we have provided particular explanations to substantiate the above findings. The changes that the project introduced in terms of standing against FGM and other HTPs which were widespread before the project interventions in the three project regions have been strongly expressed by the girls themselves, leaders and the different structures One of the people who testified on the impacts of the project in these areas is the local kebele administrator of Afer Gebeya in Este, Kindu Girmaye who stated that before WCAT educated them, HTPs were common practices. People rarely spoke against them. After the project even children especially the girls became expressive and started resisting. He continued saying “in the past, if a girl is married early she just accepted but later after the project they refuse and expose their parents to administration”. He reported that several early marriages have been cancelled as a result of reports by the girls themselves to police, women affairs office and PTAs. 48

In stating how much they stood against HTPs the Women of the Megertu IGA group in Jarti Bakule of Siraro were the most vocal. Sinko Midanso, Midanso, a leader of this Group said the following on behalf of the participants of the FGD: Before the project girls were candidates for FGM and early marriage. We had no information about child right and equality of men and women. Through ADAA we learned about the danger of HTPs. Now we are equals with our husbands, we speak equally in meetings. We have the courage and confidence. Even the children are advocates of their own rights. In our village a father agreed to give his daughter named Rebda Tirkasso which is a student marriage at the age of 12. Rebda informed our IGA group. We stood together as a women group on her side, informed the kebele administration and prevented the early marriage. Continuing on good foundation Genet Asafrew, is currently a 16 year old grade 9 student in Mekaneyesus secondary school in Este. She came from a former CLFZ Zigora school. She stood 2nd out of 65 students in her new secondary school. Genet reported that her education in Zigora Primary school helped her to gain confidence; focus on her education and club activities her new school. Explaining this Genet says “In my primary school, we were encouraged to speak out, stand for girls’ right, actively participate in class and involve in inter-school competitions. We protected ourselves from HTPs such as early marriage. Married women in Loke Sifo, Sirao have also reported that they have gone further and collectively stood against different forms of HTPs. According to Shiro Jilo Chair lady of the Loke Sofo IGA group 190 women of the locality who belong to different IGA groups have organized themselves together and have refused polygamy. The evaluation team has spoken to members of two IGA groups, PTA members, the school principal and teachers and has confirmed that the claim of the women on standing against polygamy in the area is true and that this is a very bold move by the women as polygamy is one of the commonest practices in this largely Moslem community. Such developments which are taken by the IGA group women on their own is an example of how much the impacts of the project is spreading to eliminate HTPs though the initiative of project beneficiaries themselves. 49

3.5.4. Addressing the issues of CWDs The contributions of the Kinderpsotzegels supported projects towards addressing the issue of CWDs have been lauded as pioneering interventions by the WEOs and school principals in the project areas. In the words of Kassa Molla education expert at Este WEO, WCAT was the organization that introduced that idea of inclusive education and the right to access to education by CWDs. It is his view that society in his area took disability as a sin for parents and such children were hidden. After WCAT’s awareness creation, several hidden CWDs have come out of home and leaning in schools. Haileyesus Solomon, Este WEO head added that his office has learned from WCAT on access to education for CWDs and has opened a unit to scale up inclusive education with technical support from WCAT. For ADAA, the major change is breaking the silence on CWDs and convincing parents to speak out and bring out CWDs, according to Berhanu Tufa, The Executive Director. Berhanu told a story where ADAA found a girl child behind closed door for 10 years who later went to Senbete Lencho school and is now learning in secondary school. Siraro WEO also confirmed that it has been convinced by ADAA on the right to education of CWDs. The WEO according to Fano Gobena, Siraro cluster supervisor, has sent two teachers for training to Adama on inclusive education The principals and teachers of all the visited schools in Siraro witnessed how much the project has positively impacted on the need for educating CWDs. They also gave examples of academic success of children with moderate disability. However, they also explained that their schools have limitations in supporting children with severe disabilities and that WEO have to do their best in addressing such issues of CWDs. Successful project undertakings were also reported by the schools covered by this evaluation in SNNPR where LIA-E operated. Ayele Shamboro, Cluster supervisor of Gmbora WEO reported that the number of CWDs coming to school is growing because of the arareness created by the project. He gave an example of the Danmera school where initially there were three CWDs and now the number has risen to 7 (3girls and 4 boys) as parents are encouraged to bring to school. 50

Gizachew Lerebo, Bifola Primary school principal also said that currently there are 13 CWDs (4 boys and 9 girls) learning in his school. He further stated that his school’s welfare club provides school supplies to such children. Disability cannot stop me from learning Adurahman Habiba, was the first CWD to be enrolled in Loke Sifo NFBE. He is the youngest of the 5 children of a family. His elder brothers and sisters have remained illiterate. After the project school was established his parents were convinced to enroll him in school even if he were disabled. Eventually, Adurahman, joined school and became one of the best students. Today, he has moved to Loke primary and is learning in grade 8. During the last semester he stood 2nd in class out of 35 students. Abdurahaman is resolute student who says “regardless of the problems I am facing I am determined to complete my education. It is my responsibility to finish my education, become the only educated member of my family and help other children with disability to learn”. The increased awareness on the right of CWDs to access education, the adoption inclusive education by WEOs through technical support and implementing NGOs experiences, the enrolling more and more CWDs by schools even going to the extent of organizing support for CWDs by school structures as reported by Bifola School above are good examples of the impacts that the Projects established on addressing the issues of CWDs. 3.5.5. Unforeseen effects or impacts of the Projects Projects are focused interventions with defined objectives and goals. It is known that all efforts and resources are invested to realize the set goals of each project. In the process however, there are unplanned impacts that create unintended benefits, or trigger new initiatives by local groups or institutions. In the case of the Kinderpostzegels funded projects, the following are examples of unintended impacts that have been observed. Adoption of project best practices by local governments and others The Este WEO as confirmed by the Head and the education officer have learned from WCAT about inclusive education and have established a unit for inclusive education. The unit the WEO established serves as a resources center for training and experiences sharing for many schools in the Woreda. The project introduced the need for 51

enrolling CWDs in schools. The WEO went further and established the unit for expanding inclusive education as a resources center. Stimulation of the creation of IGA groups The creation of IGA groups to assist poor families especially mothers who couldn’t send their children to school due to poverty was designed to help the target groups identified by the project. However, other women and men learned from the experiences of project supported IGA groups on their own initiatives in Siraro and SNNPR woredas and established IGA goups. For example, according to Abebech Labisso, Chair lady of Robot IGA Group in Mehal Bobicha, SNNPR, there are now 12 self-organized IGA groups with 12-15 members each that have been established on their model. Abebech further stated that the self-organized IGAs that emulated the project IGA group do saving, are recognized and they already have access to credit from local microfinance facilities. Taking the issues of marginalization further Marginalization is a major innovative intervention and footprint of LIA-E in SNNPR. According to Aklilu G/Micahel, local government and other institutions didn’t even recognize the presence of the issue of marginalization of the Fuga Community until their project raised the alarm on the issue and worked towards addressing it. The lesson from the best practices of LIA-E on working against the marginalization of the Fuga minority community started getting picked up by other projects such as the donor supported Civil Society Support Program (CSSP). CSSP gave birr 3million for LIA-E to Lead a pilot Project (2015-2017) implemented in Gibe area with three other organizations. The purpose was to pilot the project focusing on inclusion and integration on services based on LIA-E’s experiences for eventual expansion to other woredas. Later on LIA-E was invited for advice on the design of an CSSP project for implementation in Amhara Regional State to deal with the issue of marginalization of the minority Weito Community. Aklilu further added that LIA-E has been awarded for best performance on inclusion from the Strategic Partnership Grant (SPG). The adoption of LIA-E’s experiences on working against marginalization of minorities and the expansion of the experiences to other regions by other organizations is unintended but very important contribution of an effective impact that went beyond the life and geography of Kinderpostzegels supported projects. 52

Establishment and financing of women Adult education by IGA groups One of the unique developments from the experiences of women IGA groups is the establishment and operation of an adult education program serving local women. Biftu Genema and Ejole Kegna are two women IGA groups established in Biten Kube Primary school where CLFZ project was implemented by ADAA until 2015. The members of the two IGA came together and decided that it should not only be their children that have to go to school but, they themselves decided to enroll in adult education. For this purpose, they hired a facilitator paying a monthly salary of birr 600.00 from their own sources. The classes that began two years ago are open to non-members as well. Out the women that initially enrolled 30 women have been regularly attending class for the last two years. According to the principal of the school, the women who have enrolled in the adult education class they established for themselves are the most active in supporting and following on the education of their children. Shonte Bedase, chairperson of Ejole Kegna IGA group says “while ADAA cared for the education of our children, we decided to educate ourselves with our own means through hiring a women facilitator. Recognizing the benefit of education, we followed the footsteps of our children. We are able to read, write and record our income from our IGA.” The unforeseen impact of the projects which have been discussed above; though may have immediate connections to the activities and objectives of the projects, they are very useful results that show how much the projects have contributed as catalysts towards stimulating local community initiative for new ideas (IGA establishing and financing women adult education program), local government (establishment of Inclusive education resources center/unit by Este WEO) and other organizations adoption of the project experience to combat marginalization of minority communities (CSSP adopting LIA-E Fuga Community experiences to design a project for Weito minority community in another region). The unintended impacts that resulted from the Kinderpsotzegels funded projects by themselves are examples of the success of the impacts of the projects. 53

4. Conclusions The above findings have provided evidences on the impacts created by the Kinderpostzegels assisted projects of the three organizations and also depicted how the impacts are being sustained. The following are conclusions drawn from the findings of the impact evaluation. The previous project schools of the three partner organization (both that used to be NFBE Centers and the CLFZ school) still exist and are functional. All the former NFBE Centers have been upgraded to formal government primary schools. While many of them have additional classrooms after the project provided by government and the local community and have increased their grade levels to upper primary, some still are up to grade four but have additional classrooms and teachers. In terms of student population, generally there are more schools which have increased number of students (especially CLFZ schools); there are some schools among the former Este NFBE Centers that transformed to formal schools with student numbers that does not show steady growth due to the entry of children to school at the right age (the backlog of overaged children completed) and the opening of new schools by the government near villages. While there is sufficient qualitative information to determine the impacts of the projects that were completed in 2015, there is no adequate data on children who are transferred to other schools. Since the implementing NGOs do not have contacts with the schools anymore, tracer data on the performance of previous students and IGA groups are not gathered. It may be useful to encourage the WEO and schools to maintain some form of data for tracking and replication purposes. The impact evaluation findings have witnessed that the previous project schools are generally characterized by: • Better level of community awareness, readiness and willingness to support schools compared to non-project schools. • The presence of good club activities that engage student • Low dropout rates and rare absenteeism. • Being more child friendly compared to other government schools • Improved teacher capacity due to training in active learning and experiences sharing • Increased girls performance in most cases • Acceptance and support for more number of CWDs 54

• Active PTAs that mobilize the community to work with and support the schools • Providing comparatively better quality education as evidenced by the leading scores that children register in inter-school and woreda level academic competitions The support provided by the projects to eradicate HTPs have successfully been carried out in all the project areas and has resulted in the enrollment of more and more number of children including girls, CWDs and children of the marginalized Fuga minority community (in the case of SNNPR). Not only children but adults particularly women have benefits from these initiatives where they are being treated as equals with men and also are having access to modern health facilities wherever available. The IGA groups established to support poor families/mothers with a bid to eventually ensure that their children enroll in school and remain in the education system are still functional and the members are benefiting. The IGA group members and the schools have confirmed that their children are in the school and the purpose of the project in this connection is still being served. The introduction of the CLFZ project to eliminate child labor and ensure that every school age child is enrolled in school is one of the most appreciated interventions by the Este and Siraro WEOs. Both offices claimed that the project helped release many children from child labor and brought more children to school. Other a result of the success, in some places for example in Siraro, coping with the high demand on schools to accommodate additional children was a challenge. While the idea of CLFZ still remains a challenge, it has been proved that previous CLFZ projects have left behind high positive impacts towards eventually eliminating child labor. Though no systematic tracer studies have been done and data not collected either by the schools or the WEO, based on the information gathered by the evaluation team, most first generation students of the projects are still in the education system (some making it to secondary school level) and are among the best ranking students in the schools they are transferred to including high schools. 55

Kinderpostzegels supplied various project documents including: • Annual physical, narrative and activity reports • Bi-annual reports • Final reports • Results reports • Progress reports • Output targets • List of schools • MOE (2015). Education Sector Development Program V (ESDP V) 2015/16 -2019/20. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia MOE/USAID, various national learning assessment reports (200-2015) School-based documents such as: • Student enrolment documents • Student rosters and other academic records of current and first generation students • Student attendance and dropout records • Learning aids and materials USAID Ethiopia (2010) Early Grade Reading Assessment Findings Snapshot, RTI ______________ (2013) Second Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA), IQPEP 56 List of reviewed documents

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ADAA-Enrollment of children in different phases of the Former Project NFBE Centers Name of NFBE/ School Number of children at the beginning of the project Number of children at the end of project (2015) Current enrollment (2018) in the upgraded former project NFBE Centers/current government schools Male Kite Tesisa Shasha Goyke Siraro Bilancha Senbete Lencho Loke Sifo Nuna Raba Kala Lalima Shelo Abure Kubi Dimtu Honogo Bonkicha Total 111 110 128 4622 108 115 109 3090 219 225 237 7712 218 230 226 7116 163 122 135 4835 381 352 361 11951 182 218 171 5445 196 156 168 3579 378 374 339 9024 264 656 476 156 144 324 172 110 408 980 648 266 975 1288 1106 193 723 726 699 108 1698 2014 1805 301 885 1098 595 379 441 599 328 159 1326 1697 923 538 865 578 1278 Female Total 630 370 1008 1495 948 2286 Male 1452 462 966 Female 931 234 994 Total 2383 696 1960 Male 698 247 972 Female Total 504 180 848 1202 427 1820 58 ANNEX 1.

ADAA-Enrollment of children in different phases of the former CLFZ project schools) Name of CLFZ School Barada Ashoka Basa Maja Bitana Kubi Daminee Jarti Bakule Kata Shirkano Shirkano Total Number of children at the beginning of the project Male 304 660 502 792 506 739 369 3872 Female 200 403 296 598 380 580 241 2698 Total 504 1063 798 1390 886 1319 610 6570 Number of children at the end of project (2015) Male 428 865 386 798 407 473 960 4317 Female 273 595 327 607 358 414 601 3175 Total 701 1460 713 1405 765 887 1561 7492 Current enrollment (2018) in the government schools Male 503 1080 523 803 484 572 1010 4975 Female 250 705 301 637 306 477 609 3285 Total 753 1785 824 1440 790 1049 1619 8260 59

LIA-E-Enrollment of children in different phases of the Former Project NFBE Centers Name of NFBE/ School Banara Jajura Karaye Mehal Bobicho Sege Linto Genet Janjecho ForkoseBefola Shodira HonanaDanmera SdaLisancho Total Number of children at the beginning of the project Male 237 180 130 134 143 135 121 118 104 1302 Female 233 159 70 109 101 125 130 112 90 1129 Total 470 339 200 243 244 260 251 230 194 2431 Number of children at the end of project Male 305 255 116 182 215 200 157 165 199 1794 Female 275 203 109 182 163 195 173 150 167 1617 Total 580 458 225 364 378 395 330 315 366 3411 Current enrollment (2018) in the upgraded former project NFBE Center Male 410 325 130 282 305 335 257 266 299 2609 Female 377 263 120 302 243 300 263 240 257 2365 Total 787 588 250 584 548 635 520 506 556 4974 60 ANNEX 2.

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WCAT-Enrollment of children in different phases of the Former Project NFBE Centers Name of NFBE/School Number of children at the beginning of the project Number of children at the end of project (2015) Current enrollment (2018) in the upgraded former project NFBE Centers/current government schools Tirtiriat Lambeltagn Alem-Meda Chebrie Afer Gebeya Total Male Female Total 112 80 114 94 85 122 98 513 74 79 84 429 226 174 159 201 182 942 Male 140 133 176 214 141 804 Female Total 284 225 144 92 159 159 130 684 335 373 271 1488 Male 39 53 83 91 62 328 Female 48 38 70 80 64 300 Total 87 91 153 171 126 628 62 ANNEX 3.

WCAT-Enrollment of children in different phases of the former CLFZ Project schools Name of NFBE/School Zigora Belta Mehalye Gindatemem Marmergecha Chewsar Jibasera Licha Total Number of children at the beginning of the project Male 552 580 328 501 209 158 535 625 3488 Female Total 552 1104 608 333 455 203 124 484 686 3445 1188 661 956 412 282 1019 1311 6933 Number of children at the end of project (2015) Male 420 396 125 134 426 390 310 430 2631 Female Total 397 817 396 115 128 531 426 270 391 2654 792 240 262 957 816 580 821 5285 Current enrollment (2018) in the government schools Male 567 520 396 412 295 98 514 508 3310 Female Total 537 1104 526 382 365 292 100 539 540 3281 1046 778 777 587 198 1053 1048 6591 63

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